Cultural is a way of life that developed and shared by a group of people and passed down from generation to generation. Culture is made up of many complex elements, including religious and political system, customs, languages, tools, clothing, buildings, and works of art. Language, as well as culture, an integral part of human beings so many people tend to think of genetically inherited. When someone is trying to communicate with people who berbada culture and adjust differences, proving that culture is learned.
Culture is a holistic lifestyle. culture is complex, abstract, and spacious. Many aspects of culture helped determine the communicative behavior. Elements of socio-cultural spread and includes many human social activities.
Some of the reasons why people have difficulties when communicating with people from other cultures is seen in the definition of culture: Culture is a complex device values polarized by an image containing a view on its own merits. "The image of the force" that took different forms in various cultures such as the "rugged individualism" in America, "the individual harmony with nature" d Japan and "collective compliance" in China. Cultural image of the force brsifat equip its members with guidance on proper behavior and set a world of meaning and logical value which can be borrowed for members of the most understated to gain a sense of dignity and affinity with their lives.
Thus, budayalah which provide a coherent framework for organizing the activities of a person and allow predict the behavior of others.
2. Definition of Culture
Culture is closely connected with the community. Melville J. Herskovits and Bronislaw Malinowski argued that everything contained in the society is determined by culture owned by society itself. The term for that opinion is Cultural-determinism.
Herskovits sees culture as something handed down from one generation to another, which is then referred to as superorganic. According to Andreas Eppink, contains the entire understanding of the culture of social values, social norms, knowledge and overall social structures, religious, and others, in addition all the intellectual and artistic expression that characterizes a society.
According to Edward Burnett Tylor, culture is a complex whole, which has in it the knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs, and other abilities from any person as a member of society.
According Selosoemardjan and Soelaiman Soemardi, culture is a means of work, taste, and the copyright society.
Of the various definitions, can be obtained an understanding of the culture is something that will affect the level of knowledge and includes a system of ideas or ideas contained in the human mind, so that in everyday life, the culture is abstract. While the embodiment of culture are objects created by man as a creature of culture, in the form of behaviors and objects that are tangible, such patterns of behavior, language, equipment life, social organization, religion, art, and others, which all of which is intended to help people in the hold of the life of society.
3. Perspective on culture
3.1 Culture As Civilization
Nowadays, most people understand the notion of "culture" that developed in Europe in the 18th century and early 19th century. The idea of "culture" reflects an imbalance between European powers and the powers that colonized areas. They consider 'culture' as a "civilization" as the opposite of "natural". According to this way of thinking, one culture with another culture can be compared; one culture is definitely higher than other cultures.
In practice, the word culture refers to objects and activities that "elite" such as wearing a classy, fine art, or listening to classical music, while the cultured word used to describe people who know, and take part, of the activities in above. For example, if someone berpendendapat that classical music is music that is "classy", the elite, and art flavor, while traditional music is regarded as the cheesy music and outdated, then one might think that he was a man who had "cultured".
People who use the word "culture" in this way do not believe there are other cultures that exist; they believe that there is only one culture and become a benchmark of norms and values around the world. According to this view, a person who has different habits with those who are "cultured" is described as "not cultured"; not as a man "from other cultures." People who are "not cultured" is said to be "natural," and observers often retain elements of high culture (high culture) to suppress the thought of "natural man" (human nature)
Since the 18th century, some social critics have received the differences between cultures and not cultured, but the comparison is not berkebudayaan- -berkebudayaan and can suppress the interpretation of refinement and interpretation of the experience as the development of destructive and "unnatural" that obscure and distort the nature of the man. In this case, traditional music (which was created by the working class society) is considered to express the "natural way of life" (natural way of life), and classical music as a decline and deterioration.
Currently kebanyak social scientists refuse to allow comparison between nature and culture with monadic concept that never applies. They assume that the culture previously considered "elite" and "cultural elite" are the same - each community has a culture that can not be compared. Social observers distinguish some cultures as a popular culture (popular culture) or pop culture, meaning goods or activities that are produced and consumed by many people.
3.2 Culture as a "general perspective"
During the Romantic era, scholars in Germany, especially those concerned with nationalist movements - such as the nationalist struggle to unify Germany, and the nationalist struggle of ethnic minorities against the Austro-Hungarian Empire - developed a notion of culture in the "general perspective". This reasoning assumes a culture with other cultures have differences and peculiarities of each. Therefore, culture can not be compared. Nevertheless, this idea still recognize the separation between the "cultured" with "no civilized nation" or culture "primitive."
At the end of the 19th century, anthropologists have used the word culture with a broader definition. Based on the theory of evolution, they assume that every human being grown and evolved together, and of evolution that created culture.
In the 50s, subkebudayaan - groups with slightly different behavior of the parent culture - began to be the subject of research by sociologists. In this same century, there was the popularization of the idea of corporate culture - the differences and talents in the context of workers' organization or workplace.
3.3 Culture as Stabilisation Mechanism
Theories that exist today assume that (a) culture is a product of stabilization inherent in evolutionary pressure toward unity and consciousness together in a society, or commonly referred to as tribalism.
4. Penetration culture
Cultural penetration can occur in two ways:
4.1 Penetration of peace (penetration pasifique)
The entry of a culture by peaceful means. For example, the influence of Hindu culture and Islam to Indonesia. Acceptance of both kinds of cultures does not result in conflict, but enrich the local culture. The influence of these two cultures did not result in the loss of the original elements of culture.
Spreading the culture of peace will generate acculturation, assimilation, or Synthesis. Acculturation is the union of two cultures to form a new culture without losing the element of indigenous culture. For example, the architecture of Borobudur temple which is a blend of native Indonesian culture and Indian culture. Assimilation is the mixing of two cultures to form a new culture. While Synthesis is the mixing of two cultures that resulted in the formation of a new culture that is very different from the original culture.
4.2 Penetration Hardness (penetration Violante)
The entry of a culture by forcing and damaging. For example, the influx of Western culture to Indonesia during the colonial period is accompanied by violence, causing shocks destroy the balance in society. The form of the western world culture, among others, is the culture of the Netherlands are colonized for 350 years. Cultural heritage is still attached to the Dutch in Indonesia, among others, the Indonesian government system.
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